Category: Abstracts

Abstract Introduction

The pupillary light reflex (PLR) indicates the function of the autonomic nervous system, which causes the pupil to constrict and dilate. Evaluation of the PLR determines the parasympathetic and sympathetic balance. We aimed to demonstrate autonomic changes by pupillometry in Parkinson’d disease (PD) and to investigate the relationship between the changes and motor stage and levodopa equivalent dose (LEDD).

Method

Static pupillometry measurement was performed at scotopic, mesopic and photopic settings. Dynamic pupillometry measurement was performed at 500 lux illumination and pupil diameter was recorded. Static and dynamic pupillometry parameters of Parkinson’s disease patients and healthy control group of similar age and gender were compared. The relationship between Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)-motor, modified Hoehn and Yahr (mHYE) and levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD) and pupillometry parameters were analysed.

Results

In static pupillometry, mesopic pupil diameter was significantly lower in PD patients (P = 0.04). In dynamic pupillometry, pupil diameter was lower [...]

Abstract

To assess the relationships between aging and autonomic control of pupillary functions, TV-pupillometry and light reflex evaluation were performed in 52 healthy volunteers in the age range 15-75 years, grouped into four age classes (group 1: 15-29 years, Group 2: 30-44 years, Group 3: 45-59 years, Group 4: 60-75 years). Baseline light pupil diameter was found to be age-dependent, together with light reflex contraction velocity, which presented a linear correlation with age. Light reflex amplitude and half-redilatation velocity were reduced in older subjects, but presented only a weak linear correlation with age, while latency, contraction time and half-redilatation time percent of secondary dilatation and redilatation at 5 seconds did not show significant changes with age. These results confirm that there are important age-dependent changes in the mechanisms involved in pupillary autonomic functions, regarding both sympathetic and parasympathetic components. These changes appear to be easily detectable by making use of a sensitive and non-invasive technique [...]

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to comprehensively investigate autonomic nervous system dysfunction in migraine patients using automated pupillometry, a non-invasive and objective assessment method.
Materials and Methods: This study was designed as a prospective, non-randomized clinical trial involving a total of 128 participants aged 18–59 years (64 migraine patients and 64 healthy controls). All participants underwent a comprehensive ophthalmological examination followed by automated pupillometry testing. Pupillometry measurements were performed under scotopic (dark), mesopic (dim light), and photopic (bright light) conditions, with subsequent recording of dynamic pupil dilation measurements.

Results: The mean pupil dilation velocity in migraine patients (0.11 ± 0.45 mm/s) was found to be significantly slower compared to the healthy control group (0.13 ± 0.46 mm/s). Additionally, a significant difference was observed between the two groups in pupil diameter under mesopic conditions. Analysis of dynamic pupil dilation revealed a significant difference at the 10th second of measurement between Group I (migraine patients; 5.63 [...]

Abstract: Corresponding and unconventional medicine approaches have shown capacity for the treatment and diagnosis of chronic illnesses such as diabetes and arthritis. Concurrently, computer image treating approaches for illness detection have emerged as a reliable and quickly expanding sector in biomedical research. The purpose of this suggested model is to use soft computing approaches to assess the investigative validity of iridology, an ancient complementary and substitute medicine practice, for the diagnosis of type II diabetes. Methods: The study included a mixed population of diabetic and non-diabetic participants. Infrared pictures of both eyes were taken. In the iris picture the area of interest (ROI), which matches to the location of the pancreatic organ on the iridology chart, was clipped. CNN and CNN were used to extract features such as accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, difference variance, contrast, homogeneity, correlation, dissimilarity, and entropy. The collection included both a test iris database and real-time iris photographs. The CNN model obtained [...]

Abstract:

Obesity, characterized by excessive fat accumulation, arises from an imbalance between energy consumption and expenditure. It is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. In this retrospective case-control study, we examined the relationship between obesity and iris features frequently utilized in iridology, a practice that studies iris features to assess health conditions. We analyzed the correlation between iris markers and obesity obesity-related test results in 197 adults (99 obese, 98 normal-weight) using anonymized medical records and iris images. Obesity was defined as a BMI of 25 or higher. Trained practitioners examined iris images for
markers such as lacunae around the autonomic nerve wreath (ANW), toxic spots around ANW, protrusion around ANW, and lacunae in the cardiac region. They evaluated each marker using a 0-2 grading system. Obese individuals showed more pronounced features, including lacunae and toxic spots around ANW. Normal-weighted individuals showed thicker and more protruded ANW [...]

Abstract Intervertebral disc bulge (IVDB) is a prevalent spinal condition that significantly affects quality of life, yet current diagnostic methods can be expensive and not always easily accessible. This study explores the potential of pupil flattening as an iridological marker for IVDB. A case-control study was conducted with 60 IVDB patients and 60 healthy controls. High-resolution iris images were analyzed for pupil flattening, revealing a markedly higher prevalence in IVDB patients (88.3 % in the right iris, 81.7 % in the left iris) compared to controls (15 % in the right iris, 10 % in the left iris). ROC analysis demonstrated strong diagnostic accuracy, with AUC values of 0.79 for males (95 % CI: 0.60–0.98) and 0.88 (95 % CI: 0.78–0.99) for females. Sensitivity and specificity were particularly high in females, at 80 % and 97.62 %, respectively. These findings indicate that pupil flattening could serve as a non-invasive, cost-effective diagnostic tool for IVDB, offering a potential complement to existing diagnostic approaches. Results [...]

Abstract:

Iris diagnosis based on the sophisticated patterns and properties of the human iris has appeared
as a prospective method for use in medicine, particularly in ophthalmology and biometrics. Deep learning
methodologies have gained substantial attention over recent years due to their ability to automate and
enhance iris diagnosis at high accuracy and reliability. This critical analysis discusses the different deep
learning architectures and techniques employed in iris diagnosis, with primary emphasis on convolutional
neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), and hybrid models integrating traditional
image processing techniques with machine learning algorithms. We discuss key challenges encountered
in iris recognition, including changes in lighting, image quality, and occlusions, and how deep learning
technologies counter these challenges. The review also includes different deep learning data sets,
performance measures, and performance analysis of existing models. We also discuss the clinical
application of iris diagnosis, specifically its [...]

Abstract – The increasing occurrence of Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) due to lifestyle changes has required the development
of non-invasive diagnostic methods. This study explores the potential of iridology, another diagnostic approach, joined with
machine learning (ML) algorithms to detect T2DM based on a precise Region of Interest (ROI) in the right iris. This work
introduces two ML-based classification methods. The first method employs multiple ML models with changing K-fold cross-
validation (ranging from 2 to 20 folds), achieving a maximum classification accuracy of 78.5% at 5-fold using Support Vector
Machine (SVM) and Binary Generalized Linear Model (GLM) Logistic Regression. The second method employs Principal
Component Analysis (PCA) to enhance feature selection, improving accuracy to 82.2% by training predictions from two initial
classifiers-Coarse Decision Tree (74.8% at 14-fold, PCA variance 97%) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (77.6% at 9-fold,
PCA variance 100%)-before refining classification with a Binary [...]

Abstract: Hypertension is classified as a non-communicable disease and is commonly known as “The Silent Killer” due to its minimal or absent symptoms. This condition is characterized by blood pressure exceeding the normal range. Commonly used methods to determine hypertension conditions currently involve examinations at healthcare facilities or self-monitoring using digital blood pressure monitors. However, both methods have limitations, such as requiring time to visit healthcare centers and the relatively high cost of devices for some segments of the population. As an alternative, the iridology approach offers a more accessible and affordable method for classifying hypertension conditions through visual analysis of iris images. One of the indicators of hypertension in iridology is the appearance of a gray or cloudy ring around the iris, known as the sodium ring. This ring indicates a metabolic imbalance caused by excessive salt consumption. However, further medical examination is necessary to prevent potential complications. This study utilized 300 iris images [...]

Abstract:

Obesity, characterized by excessive fat accumulation, arises from an imbalance between energy consumption and expenditure. It is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. In this retrospective case-control study, we examined the relationship between obesity and iris features frequently utilized in iridology, a practice that studies iris features to assess health conditions. We analyzed the correlation between iris markers and obesity obesity-related test results in 197 adults (99 obese, 98 normal-weight) using anonymized medical records and iris images. Obesity was defined as a BMI of 25 or higher. Trained practitioners examined iris images for markers such as lacunae around the autonomic nerve wreath (ANW), toxic spots around ANW, protrusion around ANW, and lacunae in the cardiac region. They evaluated each marker using a 0-2 grading system. Obese individuals showed more pronounced features, including lacunae and toxic spots around ANW. Normal-weighted individuals showed thicker and more protruded ANW (suggesting [...]